The Role of Spatial Openings in Regulating the Thermal Behavior of Traditional Covered Markets

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Bu-Ali Sina University

2 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

10.22099/iuds.2026.56210.1215

Abstract

Spatial openings are one of the key components in natural ventilation and regulation of thermal conditions in traditional Iranian covered markets, and especially in cold climates, they play a decisive role in the environmental quality of these spaces. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of the dimensions and characteristics of spatial openings on the thermal behavior and airflow pattern in the four-squares of Malayer Bazaar as an example located in a cold climate. The research method is based on a combination of field measurements and numerical simulation. For this purpose, two four-squares with different dimensions and heights were selected and climatic parameters including temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity were measured at different times of the day. Then, the field data were simulated and analyzed in DesignBuilder software. The results show that in both four-squares, even in conditions of strong winter winds, the airflow is directed towards the ground surface and the fluctuations of air velocity in the interior space are reduced. However, a significant difference in the air inlet and outlet pattern and thermal stability was observed between the two squares; in the smaller square, the vents operate as either fully inlet or fully outlet for a longer period of time, while in the larger square, the semi-balanced air inlet and outlet pattern prevails. Analysis of the thermal comfort indices (PMV) and (PPD) also shows that the larger square has more favorable comfort conditions and has a higher thermal storage capacity in the cold season, especially during peak wind hours. The findings of this study emphasize the effective role of spatial openings in improving the thermal performance of covered markets and can be used as a basis for reviewing and optimizing the design of covered public spaces in cold climates.

Keywords

Iranian Urban Design Studies

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 29 August 2026

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History

  • Receive Date: 23 May 2026
  • Revise Date: 18 August 2026
  • Accept Date: 29 August 2026
  • First Publish Date: 29 August 2026
  • Publish Date: 29 August 2026

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